Filtered (164)
Filters
Search
Type
Country
Categories
Show (164)
Cancel
Adoption of AI, Blockchain and other emerging technologies within the European public sector A Public Sector Tech Watch report by EU Commission

AI, Public Interests

A BLUEPRINT FOR GREECE’S AI TRANSFORMATION

AI, Public Interests

Standard contractual clauses for EU-EEA by EU

Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC)

Standard contractual clauses for international transfers by EU

Data Transfers, Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC)

Slovenian SA Decision 0603-42/2023/12 against Dodo Pizza

CCTV, Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ALTERNATIVA CORELLANA INDEPENDIENTE (6/26/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Azienda Socio-sanitaria Territoriale Rhodense (5/23/2024)

Accuracy, Data Subjects Rights

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (7/18/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (4/15/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-BEST ELAN ONLINE SRL (8/6/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A. (6/12/2024)

Accuracy, Principles

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-CONSULTORÍA PERITACIONES ALMERIENSES, S.L (4/19/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-CLÍNICA PARÍS, S.L. (2024-03-021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TELEFÓNICA DE ESPAÑA, S.A.U. (2/23/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Austrian Data Protection Authority (dsb)-Website operator (1/4/2024)

Administratives Measures, Data Subjects Rights, Liability and Remedies, Right to Erasure

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-WATIUM S.L. (5/22/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-CORPORACIÓN DUAL GRUPO LC, S.L. (3/15/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-DENTAL REY-GAR, S.L. (3/7/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (2/19/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-VODAFONE ESPAÑA, S.A.U. (4/5/2024)

Accuracy, Principles

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (2/19/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-20 MINUTOS EDITORA, S.L. (3/25/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Cypriot Data Protection Commissioner-Bank of Cyprus Public Company Ltd. (7/15/1905)

Accuracy, Principles

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Oney Servicios Financieros E.F.C. (10/23/2023)

Accuracy, Principles

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (11/20/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ATLAS ENTERTAINMENT, S.L. (1/11/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Municipality of Salento (1/24/2024)

Administratives Measures, Data Subjects Rights, Liability and Remedies

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Company (12/30/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-LEADDESK, S.L (11/17/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (11/20/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Sectorul 1 al Municipiului București (1/30/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ALBEN AIRPORT FACILITIES S.L. (10/11/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Unknown (11/16/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Unknown (8/30/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-UPMOBILE SOLUTIONS, S.L. (10/26/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Private individual (12/15/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Libra Internet Bank SA (11/20/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TRACTAMENT D’AIGUES TEIA, S.L. (11/13/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Mednow Medical Center di Giugni Marco (8/31/2023)

Accuracy, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Sensitive Data

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Homeowners Association (10/27/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (11/6/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-UAT Comuna Albeni (9/25/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ADENET SYSTEMS, S.L. (8/11/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-RING RING CLIN S.L. (8/11/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-MULTIGAS ASESORES S.L. (8/28/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-QUALITY-PROVIDER S.A. (8/1/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Company (6/21/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Birou Gas, S.L. (7/12/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TRC TRUCKS 2020, S.L. (6/27/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-PUNTO ROJO LIBROS, S.L. (6/29/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data State Inspectorate (DSI)-Unknown (7/14/1905)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data State Inspectorate (DSI)-Unknown (7/14/1905)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Unknown (6/14/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-LEADDESK, S.L (6/7/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (5/25/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-NORDETIA CLINICS IBERIA, S.L. (5/24/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-WILLOUGHBY COLLEGE, S.A (5/17/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-S.C. Apollo Salon S.R.L. (6/6/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Austrian Data Protection Authority (dsb)-Operator of a public toilet (8/23/2022)

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-SECURITAS DIREC ESPAÑA, S.A. (4/21/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-INMARAN ASESORES S.L. (3/24/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Deputy Data Protection Ombudsman-Suomen Asiakastieto Oy (2/17/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Belgian Data Protection Authority (APD)-Company (8/23/2022)

Accuracy, Controllers and Processors, Principles, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Unknown (Unknown)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Homeowners Association (12/28/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Public Interests

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Areti spa (11/24/2022)

Accountability, Accuracy, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ADENET SYSTEMS, S.L. (12/29/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-EDITORIAL RIBADEO S.L. (1/13/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ALPA 57 PRODUCCIONES, S.L. (11/25/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SC Das Sense Society SRL (11/9/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Homeowners Association Bld. Pipera 1-2E (11/18/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SC Materiale Constructii Online SRL (10/18/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Company (10/9/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Public Interests

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SC Raiffeisen Bank SA (9/9/2022)

Accuracy, Principles

Norwegian Supervisory Authority (Datatilsynet)-Recover AS (8/25/2022)

Lawfulness of Processing, Public Interests

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-E Software Concept SRL (7/7/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (7/19/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Norwegian Supervisory Authority (Datatilsynet)-Arbeidstilsynet (5/16/2022)

Lawfulness of Processing, Public Interests

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Istituto Nazionale Assicurazione Infortuni sul Lavoro (4/28/2022)

Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Public Interests, Sensitive Data

Deputy Data Protection Ombudsman-Telemarketing company (4/29/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Workshop (3/29/2022)

Legitimate Interest, Principles, Purpose limitation, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-RAMONA FILMS, S.L. (5/17/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Alfa Shipyard s.r.l. (3/10/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Megareduceri TV S.R.L. (5/3/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-FLORAQUEEN FLOWERING THE WORLD S.L. (4/18/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-DOOR2DOOR SPAIN, S.L. (4/19/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Property owners’ association (4/7/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-MALAGATROM, S.L.U. (2/22/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data Protection Authority of Hamburg-Clearview AI Inc. (7/12/1905)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Norwegian Supervisory Authority (Datatilsynet)-Elektro & Automasjon Systemer AS (12/13/2021)

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Telekom Romania Communications SA (12/6/2021)

Access Requests (DSAR), Accountability, Accuracy, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Sensitive Data

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SC Nobiotic Pharma SRL (12/13/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-FUENSANTA S.L. (11/23/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-MERCEDES GERENCIA, S.L. (10/25/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-AD735 DATA MEDIA ADVERTISING S.L. (11/12/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Magyar Telekom Nyrt. (6/18/2021)

Accuracy, Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Representative

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Caixabank S.A. (7/8/2021)

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

Data Protection Authority of Bavaria-Unknown (7/12/1905)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data Protection Authority of Sweden (Integritetsskyddsmyndigheten)-Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (6/21/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TNT EXPRESS WORLDWIDE SPAIN, S.L. (6/22/2021)

Accuracy, Principles

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Owners Association of Iasi Municipality (5/19/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (5/26/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Equifax Iberica S.L. (3/10/2021)

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Natural person holding the position of General Secretary for a political party in Bucharest (3/4/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Iberdrola Clientes (2/3/2021)

Accuracy, Data Subjects Rights, Principles

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Xfera Moviles S.A. (2/1/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Unknown (11/18/2020)

Accuracy, Principles

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (1/4/2021)

Accuracy, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. (12/21/2020)

Accuracy, Principles

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-S.C. C&V Water Control S.A. (12/22/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Anmavas 61, S.L. (11/18/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Lithuanian Data Protection Authority (VDAI)-Vilnius City Municipality Administration (10/21/2020)

Accuracy, Controllers and Processors, Principles, Representative

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Globus Score SRL (10/20/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Iberia Lae SA Operadora Unipersonal (7/20/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Xfera Moviles S.A. (7/23/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Iberdrola Clientes (6/4/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SOS Infertility Association (3/25/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Xfera Moviles S.A. (3/25/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Telefónica (3/18/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (1/9/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Globus Score SRL (12/16/2019)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Modern Barber (11/26/2019)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Nicola Medical Team 17 SRL (12/2/2019)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (Unknown)

Accuracy, Principles

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (Unknown)

Accuracy, Principles

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Bank (2/8/2019)

Accuracy, Principles

The State Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information of Baden-Württemberg discussion paper on “Legal Foundations in Data Protection for the Use of AI”

AI, Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest, Specific processing situations

Case C‑621/22 CJEU

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest, Marketing and Advertising, Specific processing situations

Guidelines 1/2024 on processing of personal data based on Article 6(1)(f) GDPR by EDPB

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

THE NEW STANDARD CONTRACTUAL CLAUSES – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Data Transfers, Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC)

Recommendations 02/2020 on the European Essential Guarantees for surveillance measures

CCTV, Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest, Specific processing situations

Processing Personal Data on the Basis of Legitimate Interests under the GDPR by FPF

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

GUIDELINES ON LEGITIMATE INTEREST by the NPC of the Republic of Philippines

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

[Press release] Commission opens formal proceedings against X under the Digital Services Act

Digital Services Act

GDPR guidance: Legitimate Inerersts Assessments (LIA) for Digital Advertising

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest, Marketing and Advertising, Specific processing situations

Recommendations 1-2022 on the Application for Approval and on the elements and principles to be found in Controller Binding Corporate Rules (Art. 47 GDPR)

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

C-597/19

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

C-708/18

CCTV, Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest, Specific processing situations

C-439/19

Criminal Convictions and Offences, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Public Interests

C-496/17

Lawfulness of Processing, Public Interests

C-180/21

Criminal Convictions and Offences, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Public Interests

C-306/21

Lawfulness of Processing, Public Interests

UNESCO: Consultation paper on AI Regulation

AI, Lawfulness of Processing, Public Interests, Specific processing situations

Relying on the legal basis of legitimate interests to develop an AI system by CNIL

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

Data protection code of practice for digital identity schemes in Afrtica

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 18/2021 on the draft Standard Contractual Clauses submitted by the LT SA (Article 28(8) GDPR) |EDPB

Controllers and Processors, Data Transfers, Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC)

Opinion 23/2021 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Czech Republic regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a code of conduct monitoring body pursuant to article 41 GDPR |EDPB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 24/2021 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Slovakia regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a code of conduct monitoring body pursuant to article 41 GDPR |EDPB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 16/2021 on the draft decision of the Belgian Supervisory Authority regarding the “EU Data Protection Code of Conduct for Cloud Service Providers” submitted by Scope Europe |EDPB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 17/2021 on the draft decision of the French Supervisory Authority regarding the European code of conduct submitted by the Cloud Infrastructure Service Providers (CISPE) |EDPB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 14/2022 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Bulgaria regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a code of conduct monitoring body pursuant to article 41 GDPR |EPDB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 15/2022 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Luxembourg regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a code of conduct monitoring body pursuant to article 41 GDPR |EPDB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 16/2022 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Slovenia regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a code of conduct monitoring body pursuant to article 41 GDPR |EPDB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 1/2023 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Croatia regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a code of conduct monitoring body pursuant to Article 41 GDPR |EPDB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 02/2023 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Latvia regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a code of conduct monitoring body pursuant to Article 41 GDPR |EPDB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion 03/2023 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Romania regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a code of conduct monitoring body pursuant to article 41 GDPR |EPDB

Code of Conduct, Controllers and Processors

Opinion on legitimate interests of the data controller (Opinion 06/2014)

Legitimate Interest

Joint Guide to ASEAN MCC and EU SCC

Data Transfers, Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC)

Members of the Code of Conduct for Cloud Infrastructure Service Providers

Code of Conduct

Guidelines 1/2019 on Codes of Conduct and Monitoring Bodies under Regulation 2016/679

Code of Conduct

CIPL Examples of Legitimate Interest Grounds for Processing of Personal Data [PDF] [Official Guidelines]

Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest

Salvatore Manni Case C 398/15

Data Retention, Legitimate Interest, Storage limitation

A Guide to UK GDPR Principles | UK ICO

Accountability, Accuracy, Data minimisation, Integrity and confidentiality, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Purpose limitation, Storage limitation, Transparency

A Guide to Lawful Basis | UK ICO

Consent, Lawfulness of Processing, Legal Obligation, Legitimate Interest, Performance of Contract, Public Interests, Vital Interests