Resources

UK to Regulate AI Frontier Models with New Legislation in 2025

AI and the audiovisual sector: navigating the current legal landscape by IRIS European Audiovisual Observatory

Harmonised Standards for the European AI Act by EU Commission

AI Principles and Best Practices for Developers and Employers by U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Perplexity AI Faces Lawsuit Over Alleged Copyright Violations by Dow Jones and NY Post

AI Toolkit Tracker

Records Management Toolkit Tracker

Data Retention, Personal Data Collection, Records of processing Activities (ROPA)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Toolkit Tracker – more information about the Toolkit by UK ICO

Records Management Toolkit Tracker – more information about the Toolkit by UK ICO

Data Retention, Personal Data Collection, Records of processing Activities (ROPA)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Corint Logistic SRL. (5/30/2024)

Access Requests (DSAR), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Right to Object, Sensitive Data

Data Protection Authority of Hessen-Company (7/15/1905)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

French Data Protection Authority (CNIL)-Candidate for parliamentary elections (12/22/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-NN Asigurări de Viață S.A. (9/18/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-CONCENTRA CENTRAL DE COMPRAS Y SERVICIOS S.L. (6/7/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Grizzaffi Management Srl (5/17/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Right to Object

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ECOMM MOVADGENCY S.L. (2/28/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Tensa Art Design SRL (4/4/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Tensa Art Design SA (2/1/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-XASTRE DO PETO, S.L. (11/11/2022)

Consent, Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Right to Object

French Data Protection Authority (CNIL)-ACCOR SA (8/19/2022)

Access Requests (DSAR), Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Sephora Cosmetics România SA (8/4/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

French Data Protection Authority (CNIL)-TotalEnergies Electricité et Gaz France (6/23/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

Norwegian Supervisory Authority (Datatilsynet)-Company (3/15/2022)

Consent, Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Right to Object

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-IAMSAT Muntenia SA (2/22/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-T.S.M. s.r.l. (1/27/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Aimon Srl (11/25/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Representative, Right to Object

French Data Protection Authority (CNIL)-FREE MOBILE (12/28/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Privacy by Design, Right to Object

Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA)-ΚΑΠΑ ΛΑΜΔΑ ΩΜΕΓΑ ΔΙΑΦΗΜΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΕΜΠΟΡΙΚΗ ΜΟΝΟΠΡΟΣΩΠΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ ΠΕΡΙΟΡΙΣΜΕΝΗΣ ΕΥΘΥΝΗΣ (10/14/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Right to Object

Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA)-PREMIUMMEDIA ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΗ ΟΠΤΙΚΟ-ΑΚΟΥΣΤΙΚΩΝ ΕΡΓΩΝ ΙΔΙΩΤΙΚΗ ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟΥΧΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ (10/4/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (10/19/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

Data Protection Authority of Ireland-Vodafone Ireland Limited (9/7/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Promotech Digital S.L. (4/6/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

French Data Protection Authority (CNIL)-Perfomeclic (12/7/2020)

Data minimisation, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Right to Object, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Tour & People Max S.L. (7/31/2020)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-De Vere Spain S.L. (7/2/2020)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Financial Enterprise (6/26/2019)

Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Representative, Right to Object

Data Protection Authority of Hamburg-Hamburger Volksbank eG (7/11/1905)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Eni Gas e Luce (12/11/2019)

Access Requests (DSAR), Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Representative, Right to Object

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-TIM (telecommunications operator) (1/15/2020)

Access Requests (DSAR), Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Representative, Right to Object

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Iberia Lineas Aereas de Espana, S.A. Operadora Unipersonal (2/3/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Representative, Right to Object

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria S.L. (2/3/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Representative, Right to Object

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SC Enel Energie S.A. (Electricity Distributor) (12/16/2019)

Consent, Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Representative, Right to Object

Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA)-Wind Hellas Telecommunications (10/18/2019)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA)-Telecommunication Service Provider (10/7/2019)

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

Data Protection Authority of Berlin-Delivery Hero (9/19/2019)

Access Requests (DSAR), Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

The State Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information of Baden-Württemberg discussion paper on “Legal Foundations in Data Protection for the Use of AI”

AI, Lawfulness of Processing, Legitimate Interest, Specific processing situations

Guidelines on Securing AI Systems by The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA)

AI, Risk Management, Specific processing situations

Japan AI Safety Institute’s “Guide to Red Teaming Methodology on AI Safety”

AI, Specific processing situations

Guidelines 2/2023 on Technical Scope of Art. 5(3) of ePrivacy Directive Version 2.0 by EDPB

New technology

Study Finds ChatGPT Can Perform Biometric Tasks: A Closer Look at Privacy Risks

AI, Sensitive Data

Recommendations for the use of AI coding assistants by ANSSI and BSI

AI, Specific processing situations

AIPact by the European Artificial Intelligence Office

AI, Data Subjects Rights, Specific processing situations

Manipulative, Deceptive, and Exploitative AI Systems report by the Dutch DPA

AI, Lawfulness of Processing, Specific processing situations

FTC Targets Deceptive AI Claims with Operation AI Comply

AI, Lawfulness of Processing

OpenAI, Microsoft, and Amazon Join EU’s AI Pact to Shape Future Regulations

California Governor Vetoes AI Safety Bill

“AI & Algorithmic Risks Report” by Dutch Data Protection Authority

AI, Risk Management, Specific processing situations

National Strategy on AI by Sri Lanka

AI, Lawfulness of Processing, Specific processing situations

The Future of European Competitiveness by EU Commission

AI, New technology, Specific processing situations

Belgian DPA General Secretariat Artificial intelligence systems and the RGPD from a data protection perspective

AI, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Specific processing situations, Transparency

Tech Giants Sign Open Letter Urging “Regulatory Certainty on AI” in Europe

LinkedIn Used User Data for AI Training Before Updating Its Terms

AI, Data Sharing, Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing

Case C 203/22 on AI and automated decisions, the right of access under the GDPR, and the protection of trade secrets

AI, Automated Decision-making, Controllers and Processors, Specific processing situations

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Health Care and Medical Sciences Best Practices by Pitfalls Gyorgy J. Simon Constantin Aliferis Springer

AI, Health Data, Principles, Sensitive Data, Specific processing situations

Report of the work undertaken by the ChatGPT Taskforce by EDPB

AI, Specific processing situations

Recommendations 01/2021 on the adequacy referential under the Law Enforcement Directive |EPDB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Rethinking Privacy in the AI Era | White Paper by Stanford University

AI, Specific processing situations

A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation by UK ICO

AI, Specific processing situations

Datenschutzkonforme Künstliche Intelligenz Checkliste mit Prüfkriterien nach DS-GVO

AI, Specific processing situations

Analysis of the final compromise text of the EU AI Act with a view to agreement by the Belgian Presidency

AI, Specific processing situations

Transparency and Consent Framework Policies by IAB Europe

Consent, Cookies, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Transparency

[PROPOSAL 2024] EU AI ACT

AI, Specific processing situations

Generative AI framework for HM Government by the UK Central Digital and Data Office

AI, Specific processing situations

Artificial Intelligence Strategy of the CJEU

AI, Specific processing situations

Report on the first review of the functioning of the adequacy decisions adopted pursuant to Article 25(6) of Directive 95/46/EC

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Interim Report – Governing AI for Humanity by UN AI Advisory Body

AI, Specific processing situations

AI fairness in practice by the Alan Turing Institute

AI, Specific processing situations

Case T-1077/23

AI, Copyright, Specific processing situations

[DRAFT] FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, HUMAN RIGHTS, DEMOCRACY AND THE RULE OF LAW

AI, Specific processing situations

The NYT vs OpenAI and Microsoft

AI, Copyright, Specific processing situations

Annex: A summary of the Transparency in Health and Social Care guidance impact assessment by the UK ICO

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), Principles, Sensitive Data, Transparency

Transparency in health and social care by the UK ICO

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), Principles, Sensitive Data, Transparency

European Commision press release on AI Act Agreement

AI, Specific processing situations

New rules for Artificial Intelligence – Questions and Answers by the European Commision

AI, Specific processing situations

Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL LAYING DOWN HARMONISED RULES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACT)

AI, Specific processing situations

AI Act Provisional Agreement Press Release

AI, Specific processing situations

PRACTICAL GUIDANCE FOR THE USE OF GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE PRACTICE OF LAW by State Bar of California

AI, Specific processing situations

Advancing Governance, Innovation, and Risk Management for Agency Use of Artificial Intelligence (PROPOSED MEMORANDUM )

AI, Specific processing situations

The impact of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on artificial intelligence by the EU Parliamnet

AI, Specific processing situations

Guidelines for secure AI system development by UK NCSC and US CISA

AI, Specific processing situations

Benefits and Risks of Generative Artificial Intelligence Report by the State of California

AI, Specific processing situations

COMMON GUIDEPOSTS TO PROMOTE INTEROPERABILITY IN AI RISK MANAGEMENT | German Ministry of labor and social Affairs

AI, Specific processing situations

Generative AI: The Data Protection Implications by CEDPO

AI, Specific processing situations

Global Toolkit on AI and the Rule of Law for the Judiciary by UNESCO

AI, Specific processing situations

AI Privacy Policy template

AI, Specific processing situations

AI and Data Protection Risk Toolkit by UK ICO

AI, Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), Specific processing situations

Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence by the US President

AI, Specific processing situations

Automated Decision-Making Under the GDPR by the FPF

AI, Automated Decision-making, Controllers and Processors, Specific processing situations

Mobile Privacy Disclosures by the FTC

Data Subjects Rights, Right to know

AI How-to Sheets by CNIL

AI, Specific processing situations

Description of the dataset template by CNIL

AI, Specific processing situations

Opinion 44/2023 on the Proposal for Artificial Intelligence Act in the light of legislative developments

AI, Specific processing situations

Artificial intelligence and the Information Privacy Principles by the Privacy Commisioner (New Zealand)

AI, Specific processing situations

How to use AI and personal data

AI, Specific processing situations

One-Stop-Shop thematic case digest: RIGHT TO OBJECTAND RIGHT TO ERASURE

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Erasure, Right to Object

Voluntary AI Safety Standard by the Australian Government

AI, Specific processing situations

Safe and responsible AI in Australia Proposals paper for introducing mandatory guardrails for AI in high-risk settings by Australian Government

AI, Specific processing situations

Global Approaches to Auditing Artificial Intelligence by IPIE

AI, Specific processing situations

Artificial Intelligence Security Governance Framework 1.0 by China Cybersecurity Standardization Technical Committee

AI, Specific processing situations

Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence and the Law by Springer

AI, Specific processing situations

UNESCO: Consultation paper on AI Regulation

AI, Lawfulness of Processing, Public Interests, Specific processing situations

Saudi Data & Artificial Intelligence Authority: Rules governing the appointment of Personal DPOs under the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s (KSA) Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL)

AI, Specific processing situations

NSW report: Artificial intelligence in New South Wales

AI, Specific processing situations

Briefing EU Legislation in Progress by EPRS on AI Act

AI, Specific processing situations

ON THE ANTITRUST IMPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDING GENERATIVE AI IN CORE PLATFORM SERVICES BY SSRN

AI, Specific processing situations

South Africa National Artificial Intelligence Policy Framework

AI, Specific processing situations

Policy for the responsible use of AI in government by Australian Government

AI, Data Processing by the Government, Specific processing situations

Consumer Protection in respect of Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence by Hong Kong Monetary Authority

AI, Specific processing situations

The State of Artificial Intelligence in the Pacific Islands

AI, Specific processing situations

Proposal for a DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on adapting non-contractual civil liability rules to artificial intelligence (AI Liability Directive)

AI, Liability and Remedies, Specific processing situations, Supervisory Authorities

Emerging digital technologies in the public sector report by EU Commission

New technology

Securing Artificial Intelligence: Mitigation Strategy Report by ETSI

AI, Specific processing situations

Data protection compliant AI by Bavarian State Office for Data protection Supervision

AI, Specific processing situations

Responsible AI Governance in Africa: Prospects for Outcomes Based Regulation by African Observatory on Responsible AI

AI, Specific processing situations

Statement 3/2024 on data protection authorities’ role in the Artificial Intelligence Act framework by EDPB

AI, Specific processing situations

Confidential Computing and Privacy: Policy Implications of Trusted Execution Environments by Future of Privacy Forum

AI, Specific processing situations

Formal Opinion 512 on Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools by AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION

AI, Specific processing situations

National framework for the assurance of artificial intelligence in government by the Australian, state and territory governments

AI, Specific processing situations

Relying on the legal basis of legitimate interest to develop an AI system by CNIL

AI, Specific processing situations

Generative AI Controls Framework Safe, Secure, and Compliant AI Adoption Approach Whitepaper by IBM

AI, Specific processing situations

Patent Landscape Report on Generative AI by WIPO

AI, Specific processing situations

Discussion Paper: Large Language Models and Personal Data by The Hamburg Commissioner for Data protection and freedom of information

AI, Specific processing situations

Data protection impact assessment for AI Solutions by Danish DPA

AI, Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), Specific processing situations

Mobilizing the legal basis of legitimateinterest to develop an AI system by CNIL

AI, Specific processing situations

EditorsTrends in Data Protection and Encryption Technologies by SpringerProfessional

Definitions, New technology, Processing of personal data

Orientations for ensuring data protection compliance when using Generative AI systems by EDPS

AI, Specific processing situations

GDPR & Generative AI A Guide for Customers by Microsoft

AI, Specific processing situations

Risk and control for artificial intelligence and machine learning systems by Cybernetica

AI, Specific processing situations

Governance of artificial intelligence (AI) by House of Commons UK

AI, Specific processing situations

DECISION OF THE INFORMATION COMMISSIONER Snap Inc. and Snap Group Limited

AI, Specific processing situations

Artificial intelligence (AI) and human rights: Using AI as a weapon of repression and its impact on human rights by EU Parliament

AI, Specific processing situations

Neurodata risks report by EDPS and Spanish DPA

AI, Specific processing situations

Orientation guide of the Conference of Independent Federal and State Data Protection Supervisory Authorities by the German Data Protection Conference (DSK)

AI, Specific processing situations

GDPR & GENERATIVE AI – A GUIDE FOR THE PUBLIC SECTOR BY MICROSOFT

AI, Specific processing situations

Convention on AI, Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law – by the Council of Europe (draft)

AI, Specific processing situations

Report of the work undertaken by the ChatGPT Taskforce bg EDPB

A Guide to ICO Audit Artificial Intelligence (AI) Audits by UK ICO

AI, Specific processing situations

Guideline on the massive collection of personal data from the web for the training of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) models by the Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)

AI, Data scraping, Specific processing situations

Information note by EDPB on data transfers under the GDPR to the United States after the adoption of the adequacy decision on 10 July 2023

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

EDPB-EDPS Joint Opinion 5/2021 on the proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act)

AI, Specific processing situations

Opinion 14/2021 regarding the European Commission Draft Implementing Decision pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the adequate protection of personal data in the United Kingdom |EPDB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Opinion 15/2021 regarding the European Commission Draft Implementing Decision pursuant to Directive (EU) 2016/680 on the adequate protection of personal data in the United Kingdom |EDPB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Opinion 32/2021 regarding the European Commission Draft Implementing Decision pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the adequate protection of personal data in the Republic of Korea |EDPB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Information Note by EDPB on the redress mechanism for EU/EEA individuals in relation to alleged violations of U.S. law with respect to their data collected by U.S authorities competent for national security

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

EU-US Data Privacy Framework Template Complaint Form for Submitting Commercial Related Complaints to EU DPAs by EDPB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Generative Artificial Intelligence Risk Assessment by State of California Department of Technology

AI, Risk Management, Specific processing situations

Report and Recommendations of the New York State Bar Association Task Force on Artificial Intelligence

AI, Specific processing situations

Perspectives on Issues in AI Governance by Google

AI, Specific processing situations

Deploying AI Systems Securely by NSA

AI, Specific processing situations

Opinion 32/2021 regarding the European Commission Draft Implementing Decision pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the adequate protection of personal data in the Republic of Korea |EPDB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Opinion 5/2023 on the European Commission Draft Implementing Decision on the adequate protection of personal data under the EU-US Data Privacy Framework |EPDB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Human rights Impact Assessments for AI by Access Now

AI, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA)

GenAI and data protection: how organisations and their employees can use it appropriately and lawfully

AI, Employment

Guidance on ai and data protection 2.0 | UK ICO

COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION of 10.7.2023 pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the adequate level of protection of personal data under the EU-US Data Privacy Framework

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0) by NIST

Guidelines on transparency under Regulation 2016/679

Transparency

Guidelines 09/2020 on relevant and reasoned objection under Regulation 2016/679

Data Subjects Rights, Right to Object

AI Meets Media: OpenAI Secures Another Multi-Year Deal with Media Giant

AI models collapse when trained on recursively generated data

AI, Specific processing situations

The government-wide vision on Generative Al of the Netherlands

AI, Data Processing by the Government, Specific processing situations

AI Possible Risks & Mitigations Optical Character Recognition by EDPB

AI, Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), Specific processing situations

AI Possible Risks & Mitigations Named Entity Recognition by EDPB

AI, Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), Specific processing situations

AI system development: CNIL’srecommendations to comply with the GDPR

AI, Specific processing situations

AI Auditing Checklist for AI Auditing by EDPB

AI, Specific processing situations

AI, DATA GOVERNANCE AND PRIVACY SYNERGIES AND AREAS OF INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION BY OECD

AI, Specific processing situations

Supervision of AI systems in the EU by Dutch DPA and RDI (english)

AI, Specific processing situations

Statement on the interplay between AI Act and GDPR for private sector by the The Austrian DPA

AI, Specific processing situations

AI Development Recommendations to Ensure GDPR Compliance by CNIL

AI, Specific processing situations

The Colorado AI Act “Senate Bill SB24-205”

AI, Specific processing situations

Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework by NIST: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile

AI, Risk Management, Specific processing situations

Rules of Procedure by EDPB on the cooperation and respective roles of national SAs and the EDPB Secretariat regarding the submission of complaints in the redress mechanism available to EU individuals in relation to alleged violations of U.S law with respect to their data collected by U.S. authorities competent for national security

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers, Risk Management

Rules of Procedure for the “Informal Panel of EU DPAs”according to the EU-US Data Privacy Framework by EDPB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Template Complaint Form to the U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence’s Civil Liberties Protection Officer (CLPO) by EDPB

Adequacy Decisions, Data Transfers

Privacy, seriously by the UK ICO

AI, Privacy by Design, Product Privacy Design

AI and Data Protection risk toolkit by the UK ICO

AI, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA)

Salvatore Manni Case C 398/15

Data Retention, Legitimate Interest, Storage limitation

A Guide to UK GDPR Principles | UK ICO

Accountability, Accuracy, Data minimisation, Integrity and confidentiality, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Purpose limitation, Storage limitation, Transparency

The EDPB data protection guide for small business

AI, Risk Management