Resources

Records Management Toolkit Tracker

Data Retention, Personal Data Collection, Records of processing Activities (ROPA)

Records Management Toolkit Tracker – more information about the Toolkit by UK ICO

Data Retention, Personal Data Collection, Records of processing Activities (ROPA)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ALTERNATIVA CORELLANA INDEPENDIENTE (6/26/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Rossi Carta S.r.l. (4/24/2024)

Access Requests (DSAR), Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (7/18/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (4/15/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-BEST ELAN ONLINE SRL (8/6/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Dly S.r.l. (4/24/2024)

Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-CONSULTORÍA PERITACIONES ALMERIENSES, S.L (4/19/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Libero Consorzio comunale di Enna (4/11/2024)

Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-CLÍNICA PARÍS, S.L. (2024-03-021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TELEFÓNICA DE ESPAÑA, S.A.U. (2/23/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Austrian Data Protection Authority (dsb)-Website operator (1/4/2024)

Administratives Measures, Data Subjects Rights, Liability and Remedies, Right to Erasure

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-WATIUM S.L. (5/22/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Croatian Data Protection Authority (azop)-Betting company (4/22/2024)

Consent, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Croatian Data Protection Authority (azop)-Betting company (4/22/2024)

Consent, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-CORPORACIÓN DUAL GRUPO LC, S.L. (3/15/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-DENTAL REY-GAR, S.L. (3/7/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (2/19/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (2/19/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-20 MINUTOS EDITORA, S.L. (3/25/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Municipality of Siracusa (1/31/2024)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Libero Consorzio comunale di Caltanissetta (1/31/2024)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Provincia di Catanzaro (1/31/2024)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Provincia di Sassari (1/31/2024)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (11/20/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ATLAS ENTERTAINMENT, S.L. (1/11/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Municipality of Salento (1/24/2024)

Administratives Measures, Data Subjects Rights, Liability and Remedies

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Company (12/30/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-LEADDESK, S.L (11/17/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (11/20/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Sectorul 1 al Municipiului București (1/30/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ALBEN AIRPORT FACILITIES S.L. (10/11/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Unknown (11/16/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Unknown (8/30/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-UPMOBILE SOLUTIONS, S.L. (10/26/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Private individual (12/15/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Libra Internet Bank SA (11/20/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TRACTAMENT D’AIGUES TEIA, S.L. (11/13/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Homeowners Association (10/27/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (11/6/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Croatian Data Protection Authority (azop)-Betting company (9/14/2023)

Consent, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Croatian Data Protection Authority (azop)-Betting company (9/14/2023)

Consent, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-UAT Comuna Albeni (9/25/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ADENET SYSTEMS, S.L. (8/11/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-RING RING CLIN S.L. (8/11/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-MULTIGAS ASESORES S.L. (8/28/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-GYMOOGIMNASIOS S.L. (8/2/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Data minimisation, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Principles

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-QUALITY-PROVIDER S.A. (8/1/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Company (6/21/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Birou Gas, S.L. (7/12/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TRC TRUCKS 2020, S.L. (6/27/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-PUNTO ROJO LIBROS, S.L. (6/29/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data State Inspectorate (DSI)-Unknown (7/14/1905)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data State Inspectorate (DSI)-Unknown (7/14/1905)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Unknown (6/14/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-LEADDESK, S.L (6/7/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (5/25/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-NORDETIA CLINICS IBERIA, S.L. (5/24/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-WILLOUGHBY COLLEGE, S.A (5/17/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-S.C. Apollo Salon S.R.L. (6/6/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data Protection Authority of Brandenburg-Operator of a swimming pool (7/14/1905)

Lawfulness of Processing, Legal Obligation

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-SECURITAS DIREC ESPAÑA, S.A. (4/21/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data Protection Authority of Hamburg-Covid-19 test center (7/14/1905)

Lawfulness of Processing, Legal Obligation

National Commission for Data Protection (CNPD)-Company (10/27/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-INMARAN ASESORES S.L. (3/24/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Amiu S.p.A. (4/28/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Protection Officer (DPO), Principles, Representative

Deputy Data Protection Ombudsman-Suomen Asiakastieto Oy (2/17/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-News service (11/15/2022)

Consent, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Poliambulatorio Radiologico ‘il Sorriso’ S.r.l. (11/10/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights, Principles

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Cisterna di Latina municipality (11/10/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Principles

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Unknown (Unknown)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Cisterna di Latina Municipality (11/10/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Principles

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ADENET SYSTEMS, S.L. (12/29/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-EDITORIAL RIBADEO S.L. (1/13/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ALPA 57 PRODUCCIONES, S.L. (11/25/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SC Das Sense Society SRL (11/9/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Homeowners Association Bld. Pipera 1-2E (11/18/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SC Materiale Constructii Online SRL (10/18/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Austrian Data Protection Authority (dsb)-Private individual (7/13/1905)

Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Data Protection Authority of Berlin-Company (9/20/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-E Software Concept SRL (7/7/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Villabate municipality (5/12/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing, Representative

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (7/19/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Belgian Data Protection Authority (APD)-SA Rossel & Cie (6/16/2022)

Consent, Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Made in Italy s.r.l.s. (4/7/2022)

Access Requests (DSAR), Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing

Deputy Data Protection Ombudsman-Telemarketing company (4/29/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-RAMONA FILMS, S.L. (5/17/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Alfa Shipyard s.r.l. (3/10/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Megareduceri TV S.R.L. (5/3/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-FLORAQUEEN FLOWERING THE WORLD S.L. (4/18/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-DOOR2DOOR SPAIN, S.L. (4/19/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Belgian Data Protection Authority (APD)-Brussels Airport Charleroi (4/4/2022)

Lawfulness of Processing, Legal Obligation, Principles, Sensitive Data

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Property owners’ association (4/7/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-MALAGATROM, S.L.U. (2/22/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data Protection Authority of Hamburg-Clearview AI Inc. (7/12/1905)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Centro di Medicina preventiva s.r.l. (12/16/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights, Principles, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA)-Greek Ministry of Tourism (12/29/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Breaches, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights

Belgian Data Protection Authority (APD)-Bank (12/16/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SC Nobiotic Pharma SRL (12/13/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

National Commission for Data Protection (CNPD)-Unknown (10/27/2021)

Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-FUENSANTA S.L. (11/23/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

National Commission for Data Protection (CNPD)-Unknown (10/13/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

National Commission for Data Protection (CNPD)-Unknown (10/13/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-MERCEDES GERENCIA, S.L. (10/25/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-AD735 DATA MEDIA ADVERTISING S.L. (11/12/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ACONCAGUA JUEGOS S.A. (9/29/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Austrian Data Protection Authority (dsb)-Unser Ö-Bonus Club GmbH (8/2/2021)

Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Deputy Data Protection Ombudsman-Magazine publisher (6/24/2021)

Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing

National Commission for Data Protection (CNPD)-Unknown (6/11/2021)

Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Data Protection Authority of Bavaria-Unknown (7/12/1905)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

National Commission for Data Protection (CNPD)-Unknown (5/31/2021)

Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA)-Municipal Organization for Pre-School Education and Social Solidarity (DOPAKA) of the municipality of Tavros Moschato (5/17/2021)

Legal Obligation

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Owners Association of Iasi Municipality (5/19/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (5/26/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-OneDirect Srl (3/25/2021)

Consent, Controllers and Processors, Cooperation with Supervisory Authorithy, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Natural person holding the position of General Secretary for a political party in Bucharest (3/4/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Xfera Moviles S.A. (2/1/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Online Services (12/15/2020)

Consent, Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-S.C. C&V Water Control S.A. (12/22/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Conseguridad SL (10/26/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Anmavas 61, S.L. (11/18/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Globus Score SRL (10/20/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-El Real Sporting de Gijón S.A.D. (7/23/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Belgian Data Protection Authority (APD)-Operator of CCTV of a residential building (7/14/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Iberia Lae SA Operadora Unipersonal (7/20/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Xfera Moviles S.A. (7/23/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Glovoapp23 (6/9/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Estee Lauder Romania (4/23/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Iberdrola Clientes (6/4/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Belgian Data Protection Authority (APD)-Proximus SA (4/28/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Cooperation with Supervisory Authorithy, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Representative

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SOS Infertility Association (3/25/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Xfera Moviles S.A. (3/25/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Telefónica (3/18/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data Protection Authority of Hamburg-Facebook Germany GmbH (7/11/1905)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (1/9/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Globus Score SRL (12/16/2019)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Modern Barber (11/26/2019)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Nicola Medical Team 17 SRL (12/2/2019)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

The Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information (BfDI)-Rapidata GmbH (12/9/2019)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Czech Data Protection Auhtority (UOOU)-Alza.cz a.s. (Unknown)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Austrian Data Protection Authority (dsb)-Company in the medical sector (8/1/2019)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Data Subjects Rights, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Professional Football League (LaLiga) (6/11/2019)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO), Lawfulness of Processing

Belgian DPA General Secretariat Artificial intelligence systems and the RGPD from a data protection perspective

AI, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Specific processing situations, Transparency

Transparency and Consent Framework Policies by IAB Europe

Consent, Cookies, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Transparency

2023 Coordinated Enforcement Action Designation and Position of Data Protection Officers by EDPB

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Annex: A summary of the Transparency in Health and Social Care guidance impact assessment by the UK ICO

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), Principles, Sensitive Data, Transparency

Transparency in health and social care by the UK ICO

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), Principles, Sensitive Data, Transparency

Infographic DPC TikTok Fine

Fairness, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Supervisory Authorities

Decision of the Data Protection Commission made pursuant to Section 111 of the DPA, 2018 and Articles 60 and 65 of the GDPR

Fairness, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Supervisory Authorities

Study on the appropriate safeguards under Article 89(1) GDPR for the processing of personal data for scientific research

Material scope, Scientific Research, Specific processing situations

C-534/20

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

C-453/21

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Certified Data Protection Officer by PECB

Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Joint statement on data scraping and the protection of privacy

Personal Data Collection

Records of Processing Activities under Article 30 GDPR | Irish DPC

Records of processing Activities (ROPA)

WORKING PARTY 29 POSITION PAPER on the derogations from the obligation to maintain records of processing activities pursuant to Article 30(5) GDPR

Records of processing Activities (ROPA)

Records of processing activities template by the CNIL

Records of processing Activities (ROPA)

Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (‘DPOs’)

Data Protection Officer (DPO)

Guidelines on transparency under Regulation 2016/679

Transparency

Telegram CEO’s Arrest Sparks Debate on Privacy vs. Regulation

Personal Data Collection, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Salvatore Manni Case C 398/15

Data Retention, Legitimate Interest, Storage limitation

A Guide to UK GDPR Principles | UK ICO

Accountability, Accuracy, Data minimisation, Integrity and confidentiality, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Purpose limitation, Storage limitation, Transparency

A Guide to Lawful Basis | UK ICO

Consent, Lawfulness of Processing, Legal Obligation, Legitimate Interest, Performance of Contract, Public Interests, Vital Interests