Resources

Case T-262/24 Commission v EDPS

Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Sharing, Records of processing Activities (ROPA)

AEPD (Spain) – EXP202315853 against Ibercaja Banco

Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Municipality of Nepi (6/20/2024)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Lawfulness of Processing, Representative

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Rețele Electrice Muntenia SA. (6/25/2024)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Rețele Electrice Dobrogea SA (6/25/2024)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-IRIDEX GROUP SALUBRIZARE SRL (5/9/2024)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-MEDICOVER SRL (5/9/2024)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-CENTRUL MEDICAL UNIREA SRL (5/8/2024)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-INFORMÁTICA MÉDICA, S.L. (11/7/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-ALPHA BANK ROMANIA SA. (4/23/2024)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-NTT Data Italia S.P.A (2/8/2024)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-HISPAPOST, S.A. (2/1/2024)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-VESTA CEU ROMÂNIA SRL. (2/26/2024)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Icelandic data protection authority (‘Persónuvernd’)-Garðabær municipality (12/6/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Principles

Icelandic data protection authority (‘Persónuvernd’)-City of Hafnarfjörður (12/6/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Principles

Icelandic data protection authority (‘Persónuvernd’)-City of Kópavogur (12/6/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Principles

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Veranda Obor S.A. (12/11/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Icelandic data protection authority (‘Persónuvernd’)-Reykjanesbær municipality (12/6/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Principles

Icelandic data protection authority (‘Persónuvernd’)-City of Reykjavik (12/6/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Principles

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Cez Vânzare S.A. (10/2/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Autostrade per l’Italia spa (6/22/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-ING Bank NV Amsterdam Sucursala București (7/18/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-La Risorsa Umana.it s.r.l. (3/23/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Sensitive Data

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Ama S.p.a. (4/27/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Artima S.A. (6/15/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Razmataz Live s.r.l.. (3/2/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Lawfulness of Processing, Representative

Data Protection Commissioner of Malta-Unknown (7/12/1905)

Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Data Protection Commissioner of Malta-Unknown (7/12/1905)

Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Data Protection Commissioner of Malta-Unknown (7/12/1905)

Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Croatian Data Protection Authority (azop)-Debt collection agency (5/4/2023)

Consent, Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Lawfulness of Processing, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Data Protection Authority of Brandenburg-Bank (7/14/1905)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights

Data Protection Authority of Brandenburg-Aid organization (7/14/1905)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Tinmar Energy SA (3/14/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Centrul Medical dr. Furtună Dan (3/16/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Med Life S.A. (3/16/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Amiu S.p.A. (4/28/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Protection Officer (DPO), Principles, Representative

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Verizon Connect Italy S.p.A. (12/15/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Lawfulness of Processing, Representative

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Tecnomed Trento s.r.l. (4/7/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Sensitive Data

Cypriot Data Protection Commissioner-PRINTAFORM Ltd. (7/14/1905)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Apă Canal Ilfov SA (1/4/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-BRISTOL LOGISTICS SA (1/12/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Societatea Energetică Electrica S.A. (12/15/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Kaufland Romania SCS (12/27/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights

Data Protection Authority of Ireland-Slane Credit Union Ltd. (1/26/2022)

Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Integrity and confidentiality, Principles

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Medicover S.R.L. (11/24/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Ginosa municipality (7/21/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Lawfulness of Processing, Representative

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Acqua Novara.VCO S.p.a. (7/21/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Lawfulness of Processing, Representative

Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA)-EDYTE SA (9/6/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA)

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Sułkowice Cultural Center (9/7/2022)

Data Processing Agreement (DPA)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-SOLIVESA MASTER FRANCHISE S.L. (8/28/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Realmedia Network SA (9/8/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Alpha Bank Romania SA (8/29/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights

Slovak Data Protection Office-Unknown (7/13/1905)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Lawfulness of Processing, Representative

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ESVETEL, S.L. (7/22/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-S.C. Wine Point S.R.L. (6/15/2022)

Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SC Interactions Marketing SRL (6/20/2022)

Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Wens Experience SRL (6/8/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Kaufland Romania SCS (6/3/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-LORIS FUEL SHOP SRL (5/12/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-ISWEB S.p.A. (4/7/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA)

Norwegian Supervisory Authority (Datatilsynet)-Lillestrøm Municipality (2/2/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract, Principles, Representative

French Data Protection Authority (CNIL)-DEDALUS BIOLOGIE (4/15/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Scanshare S.r.l. (2/10/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Fortum Marketing and Sales Polska S.A. (1/19/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Integrity and confidentiality, Principles, Privacy by Design

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-PIKA Sp. z o.o. (1/19/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Principles, Sensitive Data, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-SEGURCAIXA ADESLAS, S.A. DE SEGUROS Y REASEGUROS (2/4/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing

Data Protection Authority of Hamburg-Company (7/12/1905)

Definitions, Joint Controllers

French Data Protection Authority (CNIL)-SLIMPAY (12/28/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights

Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA)-One Way Private Company (12/8/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Valoris Center S.R.L. (11/26/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Icelandic data protection authority (‘Persónuvernd’)-YAY ehf. (11/23/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Principles, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Vodafone România SA (11/14/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Norwegian Supervisory Authority (Datatilsynet)-Ferde AS (9/27/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Integrity and confidentiality, Principles, Representative

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-aiComply S.r.l. (6/10/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Actamedica SRL (8/24/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Breaches, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Marbella Resorts S.L. (7/6/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Creator Energy S.L. (6/4/2021)

Performance of Contract

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, SAU (5/25/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Lugera & Makler Broker S.R.L. (4/19/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights

Norwegian Supervisory Authority (Datatilsynet)-Asker Municipality (3/15/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract, Principles, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Roma Capitale (2/11/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Principles, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Norwegian Supervisory Authority (Datatilsynet)-Ålesund Municipality (3/15/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (3/11/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Krajowa Szkoła Sądownictwa i Prokuratury (2/11/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Integrity and confidentiality, Principles, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-I-DE Redes Eléctricas Inteligentes, S.A.U (3/2/2021)

Performance of Contract, Principles, Purpose limitation, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vamavi Phone S.L. (2/11/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Data Transfers

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-ING Bank N.V. Amsterdam – Bucharest office (2/10/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Toscana Sud Est (12/17/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Integrity and confidentiality, Principles

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Alterna Operador Integral S.L. (1/21/2021)

Performance of Contract

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Robinson Tours Ltd. (Robinson Tours Idegenforgalmi és Szolgáltató Kft.) (12/16/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Data Breaches, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract, Principles, Privacy by Design

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale ‘Antonio Cardarelli’ (Private Hospital) (9/30/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Representative

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Merlini s.r.l. (7/13/2020)

Consent, Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA), Lawfulness of Processing, Principles, Representative

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Major of Aleksandrów Kujawski (10/18/2019)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA)

Data Protection Authority of Hamburg-Kolibri Image Regina und Dirk Maass GbR (12/17/2018)

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA)

Supreme Court of Singapore’s Circular on the Use of GenAI Tools in Court Documents

Data Processing by the Government, Specific processing situations

EDPS Model Administrative Arrangement

Data Processing by the Government, Data Transfers, Specific processing situations

Case C 203/22 on AI and automated decisions, the right of access under the GDPR, and the protection of trade secrets

AI, Automated Decision-making, Controllers and Processors, Specific processing situations

Report and Guidance on Privacy in Social Network Services – ”Rome Memorandum” by International Working Group on Data Protection in Telecommunications

Definitions, Processing of personal data

Opinion 04/2024 on the notion of main establishment of a controller in the Union under Article 4(16)(a) GDPR |EPDB

Definitions, Main Establishment

Case C‑740/22

Definitions, Personal Data

Case C‑604/22

Joint Controllers, Personal Data

Opinion 37/2023 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Luxemburg regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a certification body pursuant to Article 43.3 (GDPR) |EPDB

Certification

Opinion 38/2023 on the draft decision of the competent supervisory authority of Slovenian regarding the approval of the requirements for accreditation of a certification body pursuant to Article 43.3 (GDPR). |EPDB

Certification

Case C 683-2021

Data Controller, Data Processors, Joint Controllers

[Draft] Guidelines on the processing of personal data in regard to recruitment by the UK ICO

Automated Decision-making, Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), Employment, Specific processing situations

Practical Guide on Controller to Processor Contracts by the Irish DPC

Controllers and Processors, Data Processing Agreement (DPA)

Press Release No 184-23 by the CJEU

Controllers and Processors, Joint Controllers, Liability and Remedies, Supervisory Authorities

AUTOMATED DECISIONMAKING TECHNOLOGY REGULATIONS (DRAFT) by CPPA

Automated Decision-making, Controllers and Processors

Automated Decision-Making Under the GDPR by the FPF

AI, Automated Decision-making, Controllers and Processors, Specific processing situations

Government access to datain third countries

Data Processing by the Government, Specific processing situations

Case C-101/01

Data Transfers, Definitions, Principles, Processing of personal data, Sensitive Data

C-272/19

Access Requests (DSAR), Data Controller, Data Subjects Rights, Definitions

C-252/21

Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract, Principles, Sensitive Data

Case C-60/22

Accountability, Controllers and Processors, Joint Controllers, Principles

GDPR in practice – Experiences of data protection authorities by FRA

Data Processing by the Government, Specific processing situations

Policy for the responsible use of AI in government by Australian Government

AI, Data Processing by the Government, Specific processing situations

Case C‑461/22 CURIA

Data Controller, Definitions

Case C-394/23, Mousse: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Conseil d’État (France) lodged on 28 June 2023 — Association Mousse v Commission nationale de l’informatique et des libertés (CNIL), SNCF Connect

Definitions, Processing of personal data

Today’s and tomorrow’s means of payment facing the challenge of data protection by CNIL

Definitions, Processing of personal data

EditorsTrends in Data Protection and Encryption Technologies by SpringerProfessional

Definitions, New technology, Processing of personal data

GDPR in practice: Experience of data protection authorities by FRA

Data Processing by the Government, Specific processing situations

Guidelines scraping by private organizations and individuals by the Dutch Data Protection Authority

Automated Decision-making, Controllers and Processors

PRACTICE GUIDE SECURITY OF PERSONAL DATA Version 2024 by CNIL

Definitions, Personal Data

Opinion 39/2021 on whether Article 58(2)(g) GDPR could serve as a legal basis for a supervisory authority to order ex officio the erasure of personal data, in a situation where such request was not submitted by the data subject |EPDB

Data Controller, Data Subjects Rights, Definitions

Opinion 1/2022 on the draft decision of the Luxembourg Supervisory Authority regarding the GDPR – CARPA certification criteria |EPDB

Certification

Opinion 25/2022 regarding the European Privacy Seal (EuroPriSe ) certification criteria for the certification of processing operations by processors |EPDB

Certification

Opinion 15/2023 on the draft decision of the Dutch Supervisory Authority regarding the Brand Compliance certification criteria |EPDB

Certification

Opinion 28/2022 on the Europrivacy criteria of certification regarding their approval by the Board as European Data Protection Seal pursuant to Article 42.5 (GDPR) |EPDB

Certification

Fashion ID, 29 July 2019, C-40/17, ECLI:EU:C:2019:629

Data Controller, Data Processors

Unabhängiges Landeszentrum für Datenschutz Schleswig-Holstein v Wirtschaftsakademie Schleswig-Holstein GmbH, in the presence of Facebook Ireland Ltd (Case C-210/16).

Data Controller

Nowak (C-434/16, EU:C:2017:994)

Personal Data

Patrick Breyer v. Germany Case C-582/14, 12 May 2016

Consent, Personal Data

Weltimmo s.r.o. v. Nemzeti Adatvédelmi és Információszabadság Hatóság [2015] Case C-230/14, 1 October 2015

Main Establishment

What is Personal Data | UK ICO

Personal Data

Data Sharing Code | UK ICO

Data Processing Agreement (DPA)

Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling for the purposes of Regulation 2016/679

Automated Decision-making

Guidelines 07/2020 on the concepts of controller and processor in the GDPR

Data Controller, Data Processors, Definitions

Guidelines 2/2019 on the processing of personal data under Article 6(1)(b) GDPR in the context of the provision of online services to data subjects

Performance of Contract

Guidelines 1/2018 on certification and identifying certification criteria in accordance with Articles 42 and 43 of the Regulation

Certification

Guidelines 4/2018 on the accreditation of certification bodies under Article 43 of the General Data Protection Regulation (2016/679)

Certification

Guidelines 07/2022 on certification as a tool for transfers

Certification

Australian Information Commissioner (OAIC): Corporate Plan for 2024-25

Data Processing by the Government, Specific processing situations

The government-wide vision on Generative Al of the Netherlands

AI, Data Processing by the Government, Specific processing situations

Addictive patterns in the processing of personal data Implications for data protection by AEPD

Definitions, Processing of personal data

Automated Decision-Making in Online Platforms: Protection Against Discrimination and Manipulation of Behavior

Automated Decision-making, Controllers and Processors

Bodil Lindqvist [2003] Case C-101/01, 6 November 2003

Automated Decision-making

ANAF Case C‑201/14, 1 October 2015

Automated Decision-making, Data Sharing, Data Transfers, Public Administrative Body

A Guide to Lawful Basis | UK ICO

Consent, Lawfulness of Processing, Legal Obligation, Legitimate Interest, Performance of Contract, Public Interests, Vital Interests