Resources

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ALTERNATIVA CORELLANA INDEPENDIENTE (6/26/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (7/18/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (4/15/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-BEST ELAN ONLINE SRL (8/6/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Rețele Electrice Muntenia SA. (6/25/2024)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Rețele Electrice Dobrogea SA (6/25/2024)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-CONSULTORÍA PERITACIONES ALMERIENSES, S.L (4/19/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-CLÍNICA PARÍS, S.L. (2024-03-021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TELEFÓNICA DE ESPAÑA, S.A.U. (2/23/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Austrian Data Protection Authority (dsb)-Website operator (1/4/2024)

Administratives Measures, Data Subjects Rights, Liability and Remedies, Right to Erasure

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-WATIUM S.L. (5/22/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-IRIDEX GROUP SALUBRIZARE SRL (5/9/2024)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-MEDICOVER SRL (5/9/2024)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-CENTRUL MEDICAL UNIREA SRL (5/8/2024)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-CORPORACIÓN DUAL GRUPO LC, S.L. (3/15/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-DENTAL REY-GAR, S.L. (3/7/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (2/19/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (2/19/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-20 MINUTOS EDITORA, S.L. (3/25/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-VESTA CEU ROMÂNIA SRL. (2/26/2024)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (11/20/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ATLAS ENTERTAINMENT, S.L. (1/11/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Municipality of Salento (1/24/2024)

Administratives Measures, Data Subjects Rights, Liability and Remedies

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Company (12/30/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-LEADDESK, S.L (11/17/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (11/20/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Sectorul 1 al Municipiului București (1/30/2024)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Veranda Obor S.A. (12/11/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ALBEN AIRPORT FACILITIES S.L. (10/11/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Unknown (11/16/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Unknown (8/30/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-UPMOBILE SOLUTIONS, S.L. (10/26/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Private individual (12/15/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Libra Internet Bank SA (11/20/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TRACTAMENT D’AIGUES TEIA, S.L. (11/13/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Cez Vânzare S.A. (10/2/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Homeowners Association (10/27/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (11/6/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-UAT Comuna Albeni (9/25/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ADENET SYSTEMS, S.L. (8/11/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-RING RING CLIN S.L. (8/11/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-MULTIGAS ASESORES S.L. (8/28/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-QUALITY-PROVIDER S.A. (8/1/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-ING Bank NV Amsterdam Sucursala București (7/18/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Company (6/21/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Birou Gas, S.L. (7/12/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-TRC TRUCKS 2020, S.L. (6/27/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-PUNTO ROJO LIBROS, S.L. (6/29/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data State Inspectorate (DSI)-Unknown (7/14/1905)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data State Inspectorate (DSI)-Unknown (7/14/1905)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Artima S.A. (6/15/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Unknown (6/14/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-LEADDESK, S.L (6/7/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (5/25/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-NORDETIA CLINICS IBERIA, S.L. (5/24/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-WILLOUGHBY COLLEGE, S.A (5/17/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-S.C. Apollo Salon S.R.L. (6/6/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data Protection Commissioner of Malta-Unknown (7/12/1905)

Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Data Protection Commissioner of Malta-Unknown (7/12/1905)

Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Data Protection Commissioner of Malta-Unknown (7/12/1905)

Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-SECURITAS DIREC ESPAÑA, S.A. (4/21/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-INMARAN ASESORES S.L. (3/24/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Tinmar Energy SA (3/14/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Centrul Medical dr. Furtună Dan (3/16/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Med Life S.A. (3/16/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Deputy Data Protection Ombudsman-Suomen Asiakastieto Oy (2/17/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Polish National Personal Data Protection Office (UODO)-Unknown (Unknown)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Apă Canal Ilfov SA (1/4/2023)

Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-BRISTOL LOGISTICS SA (1/12/2023)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ADENET SYSTEMS, S.L. (12/29/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-EDITORIAL RIBADEO S.L. (1/13/2023)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Medicover S.R.L. (11/24/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-ALPA 57 PRODUCCIONES, S.L. (11/25/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SC Das Sense Society SRL (11/9/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Homeowners Association Bld. Pipera 1-2E (11/18/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SC Materiale Constructii Online SRL (10/18/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Realmedia Network SA (9/8/2022)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-E Software Concept SRL (7/7/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Private individual (7/19/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-S.C. Wine Point S.R.L. (6/15/2022)

Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SC Interactions Marketing SRL (6/20/2022)

Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Deputy Data Protection Ombudsman-Telemarketing company (4/29/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-RAMONA FILMS, S.L. (5/17/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)-Alfa Shipyard s.r.l. (3/10/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Norwegian Supervisory Authority (Datatilsynet)-Lillestrøm Municipality (2/2/2022)

Controllers and Processors, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract, Principles, Representative

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Megareduceri TV S.R.L. (5/3/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-FLORAQUEEN FLOWERING THE WORLD S.L. (4/18/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-DOOR2DOOR SPAIN, S.L. (4/19/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Property owners’ association (4/7/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-MALAGATROM, S.L.U. (2/22/2022)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data Protection Authority of Hamburg-Clearview AI Inc. (7/12/1905)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SC Nobiotic Pharma SRL (12/13/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-FUENSANTA S.L. (11/23/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Vodafone România SA (11/14/2021)

Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-MERCEDES GERENCIA, S.L. (10/25/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-AD735 DATA MEDIA ADVERTISING S.L. (11/12/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Data Protection Authority of Bavaria-Unknown (7/12/1905)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Creator Energy S.L. (6/4/2021)

Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Owners Association of Iasi Municipality (5/19/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (5/26/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Norwegian Supervisory Authority (Datatilsynet)-Asker Municipality (3/15/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract, Principles, Representative, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Norwegian Supervisory Authority (Datatilsynet)-Ålesund Municipality (3/15/2021)

Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), Data Subjects Rights, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Natural person holding the position of General Secretary for a political party in Bucharest (3/4/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-I-DE Redes Eléctricas Inteligentes, S.A.U (3/2/2021)

Performance of Contract, Principles, Purpose limitation, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Xfera Moviles S.A. (2/1/2021)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Alterna Operador Integral S.L. (1/21/2021)

Performance of Contract

Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and the Freedom of Information (NAIH)-Robinson Tours Ltd. (Robinson Tours Idegenforgalmi és Szolgáltató Kft.) (12/16/2020)

Controllers and Processors, Data Breaches, Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract, Principles, Privacy by Design

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-S.C. C&V Water Control S.A. (12/22/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Sensitive Data

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Anmavas 61, S.L. (11/18/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Globus Score SRL (10/20/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Iberia Lae SA Operadora Unipersonal (7/20/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Xfera Moviles S.A. (7/23/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Iberdrola Clientes (6/4/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-SOS Infertility Association (3/25/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Xfera Moviles S.A. (3/25/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Telefónica (3/18/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Spanish Data Protection Authority (aepd)-Vodafone España, S.A.U. (1/9/2020)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Globus Score SRL (12/16/2019)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Modern Barber (11/26/2019)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

Romanian National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP)-Nicola Medical Team 17 SRL (12/2/2019)

Administratives Measures, Liability and Remedies

C-340/21

Controllers and Processors, Liability and Remedies, Supervisory Authorities, Technical and Organisational Measures (TOMs)

Case C 203/22 on AI and automated decisions, the right of access under the GDPR, and the protection of trade secrets

AI, Automated Decision-making, Controllers and Processors, Specific processing situations

Reprimand issued by the UK ICO concerning infringements of Article 5(1)(a), Article 6(1)(a) and Article 7(1) UK GDPR

Consent, Cookies, Lawfulness of Processing, Liability and Remedies

Case ZWO 22/775, Overijssel District, Netherlands

Liability and Remedies, Supervisory Authorities

GDPR: a culture of non-compliance? Numbers of evidence-based enforcement efforts by nyob

Liability and Remedies, Supervisory Authorities

CASE STUDIES (2018 – 2023) by the Irish DPC

Access Requests (DSAR), Controllers and Processors, Data Breaches, Data Subjects Rights, Liability and Remedies, Supervisory Authorities

Case C 683-2021

Data Controller, Data Processors, Joint Controllers

[PRESS RELEASE No 191/23] CJEU on the right to compensation for non-material damages based on the fear of possible misuse

Liability and Remedies, Supervisory Authorities

[Draft] Guidelines on the processing of personal data in regard to recruitment by the UK ICO

Automated Decision-making, Controllers and Processors, Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), Employment, Specific processing situations

Press Release No 184-23 by the CJEU

Controllers and Processors, Joint Controllers, Liability and Remedies, Supervisory Authorities

Urgent Binding Decision 01/2023 requested by the Norwegian SA for the ordering of final measures regarding Meta Platforms Ireland Ltd (Art. 66(2) GDPR)

Liability and Remedies, Supervisory Authorities

AUTOMATED DECISIONMAKING TECHNOLOGY REGULATIONS (DRAFT) by CPPA

Automated Decision-making, Controllers and Processors

Automated Decision-Making Under the GDPR by the FPF

AI, Automated Decision-making, Controllers and Processors, Specific processing situations

Infographic DPC TikTok Fine

Fairness, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Supervisory Authorities

Decision of the Data Protection Commission made pursuant to Section 111 of the DPA, 2018 and Articles 60 and 65 of the GDPR

Fairness, Liability and Remedies, Principles, Supervisory Authorities

C-272/19

Access Requests (DSAR), Data Controller, Data Subjects Rights, Definitions

C-252/21

Lawfulness of Processing, Performance of Contract, Principles, Sensitive Data

C-300/21

Liability and Remedies, Supervisory Authorities

Proposal for a DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on adapting non-contractual civil liability rules to artificial intelligence (AI Liability Directive)

AI, Liability and Remedies, Specific processing situations, Supervisory Authorities

Case C‑461/22 CURIA

Data Controller, Definitions

Guidelines scraping by private organizations and individuals by the Dutch Data Protection Authority

Automated Decision-making, Controllers and Processors

Guideline on the massive collection of personal data from the web for the training of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) models by the Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante)

AI, Data scraping, Specific processing situations

Opinion 39/2021 on whether Article 58(2)(g) GDPR could serve as a legal basis for a supervisory authority to order ex officio the erasure of personal data, in a situation where such request was not submitted by the data subject |EPDB

Data Controller, Data Subjects Rights, Definitions

Data Protection Fining Guidelines by UK ICO

Liability and Remedies, Supervisory Authorities

Fashion ID, 29 July 2019, C-40/17, ECLI:EU:C:2019:629

Data Controller, Data Processors

Unabhängiges Landeszentrum für Datenschutz Schleswig-Holstein v Wirtschaftsakademie Schleswig-Holstein GmbH, in the presence of Facebook Ireland Ltd (Case C-210/16).

Data Controller

Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling for the purposes of Regulation 2016/679

Automated Decision-making

Decision of the Norwegian Data Protection Authority to adopt urgent and provisional measures against Meta (Facebook)

Liability and Remedies, Supervisory Authorities

Guidelines 07/2020 on the concepts of controller and processor in the GDPR

Data Controller, Data Processors, Definitions

Guidelines 2/2019 on the processing of personal data under Article 6(1)(b) GDPR in the context of the provision of online services to data subjects

Performance of Contract

Guidelines 01/2020 on processing personal data in the context of connected vehicles and mobility related applications

Connected Vihicles

Guidelines 04/2022 on the calculation of administrative fines under the GDPR

Liability and Remedies

Automated Decision-Making in Online Platforms: Protection Against Discrimination and Manipulation of Behavior

Automated Decision-making, Controllers and Processors

SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES Case No. BC492959

Liability and Remedies

Bodil Lindqvist [2003] Case C-101/01, 6 November 2003

Automated Decision-making

ANAF Case C‑201/14, 1 October 2015

Automated Decision-making, Data Sharing, Data Transfers, Public Administrative Body

Australian ACMA DoorDash Technologies Australia Pty Ltd

Consent, Liability and Remedies

A Guide to Lawful Basis | UK ICO

Consent, Lawfulness of Processing, Legal Obligation, Legitimate Interest, Performance of Contract, Public Interests, Vital Interests

GDPR Fines Tracker

Liability and Remedies, Supervisory Authorities